What is CRISPR/Cas9
CRISPR stands for clustered regularly
interspaced short palindromic repeats, and Cas stands for CRISPR- associated
proteins. CRISPR has been firstly discovered in archaea and after that in
bacteria by Francisco Mojica (Figure 1), a scientist at the University of Alicante in
Spain [4]. Consequently, both scientists women, they are Jennifer Doudna and
Emmanuelle Charpentier discovered the CRISPR-Cas9 technology for genome
editing. In 2011, Feng Zhang optimized the CRISPR system to work in human cell, (Figure 2).
Figure 1. Francisco Mojica [6]
Figure 2. Jennifer Doudna, Emmanuelle Charpentier, and Feng Zhang [5]
The CRISPR is the repeating sequences on
the DNA sequences and will be disrupted by spacer sequences from virus attack.
Cas protein is the enzyme to cut the DNA sequences, particularly, Cas9 is one
of the enzymes produced by the CRISPR system [3]. Both of the CRISPR and Cas9 refer
to the CRISPR/Cas9 system. This system is a part of adaptive immune system of
bacteria and archaea, (Figure 3) to defend against the invading viruses or bacteriophage by
recording and targeting their DNA sequences [2,4].
CRISPR stands for clustered regularly
interspaced short palindromic repeats, and Cas stands for CRISPR- associated
proteins. CRISPR has been firstly discovered in archaea and after that in
bacteria by Francisco Mojica (Figure 1), a scientist at the University of Alicante in
Spain [4]. Consequently, both scientists women, they are Jennifer Doudna and
Emmanuelle Charpentier discovered the CRISPR-Cas9 technology for genome
editing. In 2011, Feng Zhang optimized the CRISPR system to work in human cell, (Figure 2).
 |
| Figure 1. Francisco Mojica [6] |
 |
| Figure 2. Jennifer Doudna, Emmanuelle Charpentier, and Feng Zhang [5] |
The CRISPR is the repeating sequences on
the DNA sequences and will be disrupted by spacer sequences from virus attack.
Cas protein is the enzyme to cut the DNA sequences, particularly, Cas9 is one
of the enzymes produced by the CRISPR system [3]. Both of the CRISPR and Cas9 refer
to the CRISPR/Cas9 system. This system is a part of adaptive immune system of
bacteria and archaea, (Figure 3) to defend against the invading viruses or bacteriophage by
recording and targeting their DNA sequences [2,4].
|
Figure 3. Adaptive immune system of bacteria and archaea [1].
References
1. Gibson, G.J., Yang, M., 2017. What rheumatologists need to
know about CRISPR/Cas9. Nat Rev Rheumatol 13, 205-216.
2. Mojica, F.J., Montoliu, L., 2016. On the Origin of CRISPR-Cas Technology: From Prokaryotes to Mammals. Trends Microbiol 24, 811-820.
3. Ran, F.A., Hsu, P.D., Wright, J., Agarwala, V.,
Scott, D.A., Zhang, F., 2013. Genome engineering using the CRISPR-Cas9 system.
Nat. Protocols 8, 2281-2308.
4. https://www.broadinstitute.org/what-broad/areas-focus/project-spotlight/questions-and-answers-about-crispr
1. Gibson, G.J., Yang, M., 2017. What rheumatologists need to
know about CRISPR/Cas9. Nat Rev Rheumatol 13, 205-216.
2. Mojica, F.J., Montoliu, L., 2016. On the Origin of CRISPR-Cas Technology: From Prokaryotes to Mammals. Trends Microbiol 24, 811-820.
3. Ran, F.A., Hsu, P.D., Wright, J., Agarwala, V.,
Scott, D.A., Zhang, F., 2013. Genome engineering using the CRISPR-Cas9 system.
Nat. Protocols 8, 2281-2308.
4. https://www.broadinstitute.org/what-broad/areas-focus/project-spotlight/questions-and-answers-about-crispr
5. http://labiotech.eu/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/2792938304_aac596be17_o.jpg
6. http://spainculturescience.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/CRISPR-ScotlandAbril20172-Eventos-SRUKCERU-Boletin-OCSA.jpg
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